tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8715939795636665242024-03-18T20:47:11.941-07:00Articles of ConfederationThis document, passed by the US Continental Congress on November 15, 1777, was enacted on March 1, 1781 as the founding constitution of the United States of America. The "Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union" established the United States of America as a sovereign nation governed by the United States in Congress Assembled.Estorichttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01053949094757114679noreply@blogger.comBlogger1125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-871593979563666524.post-25258688036087128732013-03-09T10:48:00.002-08:002018-06-03T12:52:11.854-07:00Articles of Confederation<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><i><span style="color: #990000; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Articles of
Confederation</span></i></b><span style="color: #4b4b4b; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 28pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; line-height: 150%;">Passed by <a href="http://www.uscontinentalcongress.com/p/us-continental-congress.html">US Continental Congress</a> - November 15, 1777 </span></i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: large; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #4b4b4b;">Ratified by the required 13 States - </span><span style="color: #4b4b4b;">February</span><span style="color: #4b4b4b;"> 2, 1781</span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: large; line-height: 150%;">Enacted by the <a href="http://www.uscontinentalcongress.com/p/us-continental-congress.html">US
Continental Congress</a> - March 1, 1781<br /><br /> First laws passed by the <a href="http://www.uscontinentalcongress.com/p/usca.html">United States in
Congress Assembled </a> under the Articles of Confederation - March 2, 1781</span></i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><i><b>The United States Constitution of 1777</b></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">A Brief History</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.stanklos.org/">By Stan Klos</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 19px; line-height: 28px; text-indent: 0in;"><i style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-indent: 0in;"><b>The Articles of Confederation</b></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">, passed by the US Continental Congress on November 15, 1777, was enacted on March 1, 1781 as the founding constitution of the United States of America. The <i><b>"Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union"</b></i> established the United States of America as a sovereign nation governed by the <i style="color: #4b4b4b;"><a href="http://www.unitedstatesincongress.com/">United States in Congress Assembled</a> </i>(USCA)<i>.</i></span></span><br />
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Students and Teachers of US History this is a video of <a href="http://www.stanklos.org/">Stanley</a> and Christopher Klos presenting America's Four United Republics Curriculum at the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School. The December 2015 video was an impromptu capture by a member of the audience of Penn students, professors and guests that numbered about 200. - <a href="http://www.afur.us/" target="_blank">Click Here</a> for more information</div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">With the passage of<i> Lee’s Resolution </i>and the <a href="http://thedeclarationofindependence.org/" style="text-decoration: none;">Declaration of Independence</a>, the U.S. Continental Congress was now faced with the challenge of transforming the voluminous United Colonies’ legislation into a U.S. Constitution capable of uniting and governing the 13 independent states. Even before the acceptance of those two momentous documents, the matter of drafting a constitution gained the serious attention of Congress on June 12<sup>th</sup>, 1776, when it resolved to appoint a committee of thirteen to prepare a draft constitution for the new republic:</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Resolved, that the committee to prepare and digest the form of a confederation</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> to be entered into between these colonies, consist of a member from each colony:<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">for New Hampshire</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> ... Mr. [Josiah] Bartlett<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Rhode Island</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> ... Mr. [Stephen] Hopkins<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Connecticut</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> ... Mr. [Roger] Sherman<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">New York</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> ... Mr. R[obert R.] Livingston<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Pennsylvania</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> ... Mr. [John] Dickinson<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Delaware</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> ... Mr. [Thomas] McKean<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Virginia</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> ... Mr. [Thomas] Nelson<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">On July 12<sup>th</sup>, 1776, the committee presented the first draft Articles of Confederation</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> of the United States of America. The Continental Congress</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> resolved:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">That eighty copies, and no more, of the confederation</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">, as brought in by the committee, be immediately printed, and deposited with the secretary, who shall deliver one copy to each member: That a committee be appointed to superintend the press, who shall take care that the foregoing resolution [Articles of Confederation].<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">That the printer be under oath to deliver all the copies, which he shall print, together with the copy sheet, to the secretary, and not to disclose either directly or indirectly, the contents of the said confederation</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">: That no member furnish any person with his copy, or take any steps by which the said confederation</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> may be re-printed, and that the secretary be under the like injunction.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="text-decoration: none;" title="">[2]</a></span></b></span></span></span></i><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">The work on the new constitution would not be completed due to the British advance, forcing a Continental Congress move first to Baltimore and then, with the occupation of Philadelphia a flight to York-Town, Pennsylvania in September 1777. The small hamlet located on the west side of the Susquehanna River offered a protective natural barrier to British invasion. York had an underutilized courthouse readily available to be used to reconvene Congress in safety. Unlike Lancaster, where Congress had convened for a day, York offered numerous accommodations to house the delegates comfortably. On September 30<sup>th</sup>, the Continental Congress moved into this 35-year-old town of about 300 dwellings and 2,000 residents. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><a href="http://johnadams.us/" style="text-decoration: none;">John Adams</a>, once settled in York-Town, wrote Abigail:</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">It is now a long Time, since I had an Opportunity of writing to you, and I fear you have suffered unnecessary Anxiety on my Account. -- In the Morning of the 19th. Inst., the Congress were allarmed, in their Beds, by a Letter from Mr. Hamilton one of General Washington’s Family, that the Enemy were in Possession of the Ford over the Schuylkill, and the Boats, so that they had it in their Power to be in Philadelphia</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">, before Morning. The Papers of Congress, belonging to the Secretary's Office, the War Office, the Treasury Office, &c. were before sent to Bristol. The President, and all the other Gentlemen were gone that Road, so I followed, with my Friend Mr. Merchant [Marchant] of Rhode Island</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">, to Trenton in the jersies. We stayed at Trenton, until the 21. when We set off, to Easton upon the Forks of Delaware</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">. From Easton We went to Bethlehem, from thence to Reading, from thence to Lancaster, and from thence to this Town, which is about a dozen Miles over the Susquehanna River. -- Here Congress is to sit.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">In order to convey the Papers, with safeties, which are of more Importance than all the Members, We were induced to take this Circuit, which is near 180 Miles, whereas this Town by the directest Road is not more than 88 miles from Philadelphia</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">. This Tour has given me an Opportunity of seeing many Parts of this Country, which I never saw before.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="text-decoration: none;" title="">[3]</a></span></b></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="text-decoration: none;" title=""></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Philadelphia</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> was lost, Fort Ticonderoga,</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> also captured, and now the British, under the command of General John Burgoyne</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">,<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_edn4" name="_ednref4" style="text-decoration: none;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">[4]</span></span></span></a> were marching down the Hudson Valley to cut off New England from the Middle Atlantic States. These were perilous days but the Continental Congress</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> pressed on with their work conducting what increasingly appeared to be a failing war effort. The work in York</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> was prodigious as the delegates were in the final stages of formulating the first U.S. Constitution</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">, the Articles of Confederation</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">. The letters of the delegates report that Congress typically met from 10 am to 1 pm and recessed until 4 pm. The <i>“after recess sessions”</i> often lasted well into the evening. Committee duties, which were numerous, filled any remaining delegate free time. John Hancock</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> wrote to his wife Dorothy during this period:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">I sat in the Chair yesterday & Conducted the Business Eight hours, which is too much, and after that had the Business of my office to attend to as usual … I cannot Stand it much longer in this way" <span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_edn5" name="_ednref5" style="text-decoration: none;" title="">[5]</a></span></b></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_edn5" name="_ednref5" style="text-decoration: none;" title=""></a></span></span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><a href="http://www%2cjohnadams.us/" style="text-decoration: none;">John Adams</a></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> wrote to Abigail Adams</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> of his tenure in York</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> that “<i>War has no Charms for me … If I live much longer in Banishment, I shall scarcely know my own Children. Tell my little ones, that if they will be very good, Pappa will come home.” <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_edn6" name="_ednref6" style="text-decoration: none;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">[6]</span></b></span></span></a> </i> Charles Carroll</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> of Carrollton, a Maryland</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> Delegate, wrote of his own York</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> experience that<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">The Congress still continues the same noisy, empty & talkative assembly it always was since I have known it. No progress has been made in the Confederation tho' all seem desirous of forming one. A good confederation</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> I am convinced would give us great strength & new vigor. This State is in a great degree disaffected, & the well affected are inactive & supine. This supiness & inactivity I attribute to the government & to the men who govern; they want wisdom, influence, & the confidence of a very great portion of the People, particularly of those whose abilities & activity might in short time set things to rights.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_edn7" name="_ednref7" style="text-decoration: none;" title="">[7]</a></span></b></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_edn7" name="_ednref7" style="text-decoration: none;" title=""></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">The Delegates grew painfully aware that French monetary aid would not be forthcoming to their cause without a constitution forming a nation out of 13 independent States. The atmosphere of dread could only be improved with the crafting of such a document which, despite what Carroll reported to his father. Delegate James Lovell</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> wrote General Horatio Gates</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> in Saratoga on October 5, 1777,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">I believe we shall be able to get speedily thro' the Articles of Confederation</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">, and shall sit faithfully about the Means of keeping our Currency in some sort of Credit.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_edn8" name="_ednref8" style="text-decoration: none;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">[8]</span></b></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><a href="http://www.henrylaurens.com/" style="text-decoration: none;">Henry Laurens</a></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">, as a freshman delegate, impressed the members of Congress with his <i>"</i>nonpartisan<i>" </i>deliberations on the Articles of Confederation</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">. Laurens remained steadfast against the nationalists' proposal to allow control of the proposed new federal government by the wealthy. He was also against Virginia</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">'s proposal to have one delegate in Congress for every 30,000 inhabitants, permitting each representative one vote and thereby allowing the large States to control the new federal government.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijb8w956DDOpy7KS9W0v5LivfRna8cCE4kzv5AkwxHO7AqR-ZxgyMhN-DL3waPP8L3BI73pIu7UqVUzk_IxtSbVjaKg_k7wPs-AHTNgybDptFjiF2B3oxaC06bfpN3wiyW8VBA3PsDArk/s1600/NCHC+Citizenship+Constitution+Center+Annapolis+Conv+-+Constitution.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="870" data-original-width="1160" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijb8w956DDOpy7KS9W0v5LivfRna8cCE4kzv5AkwxHO7AqR-ZxgyMhN-DL3waPP8L3BI73pIu7UqVUzk_IxtSbVjaKg_k7wPs-AHTNgybDptFjiF2B3oxaC06bfpN3wiyW8VBA3PsDArk/s640/NCHC+Citizenship+Constitution+Center+Annapolis+Conv+-+Constitution.png" title="NCHC Honors Students at the National Constitution Center with Mark Keres holding a 1787 printing of the Annapolis Convention report to the USCA. Imani is holding the 1789 Acts of Congress, Naomi is holding a September 1787 printing of the United States Constitution and Carly is holding a Samuel Huntington March 11th, 1781 signed document as USCA President under the Articles of Confederation. - http://www.historic.us/p/nchc-partners-in-park.html" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">NCHC Honors Students at the National Constitution Center with Mark Keres holding a 1787 printing of the Annapolis Convention report to the USCA. Imani is holding the 1789 Acts of Congress, Naomi is holding a September 1787 printing of the United States Constitution and Carly is holding a Samuel Huntington March 11th, 1781 signed document as USCA President under the Articles of Confederation. </span><span style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.1in;">For More
information please visit </span><a href="http://www.historic.us/p/nchc-partners-in-park.html" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.1in;" target="_blank">NCHC
Partners in the Park 2017</a><a href="http://www.historic.us/p/nchc-partners-in-park.html" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.1in;" target="_blank"> </a><span style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.1in;"> </span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">On the Article that prohibited the federal government from making any foreign treaty by preventing the individual States <i>"from imposing such imposts and duties on foreigners as their own people are subject to", </i>Laurens was the only southern member to vote against the measure. Only three other states, Rhode Island</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">, New Hampshire</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">, and Connecticut</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">, voted with Laurens so the restrictive amendment became a part of the first constitution. This shackled the confederation</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> government’s efforts to properly control and conduct foreign affairs for the United States of America.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">In an unusual position, Laurens voted for the new governing body called United States, in Congress Assembled</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> (USCA</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">) to have the authority to decide disputes between the States. Perplexingly, Laurens would later vote no on the establishment of an autonomous and separate governmental branch<i> </i>necessary for such judicial matters to be employed. This failure to separate the judicial duties of government from the legislative federal body plagued the United States until the enactment of the current U.S. Constitution</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> on March 4, 1789. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Significantly, Laurens</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">, in a final constitutional act, voted against Virginia</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">'s last attempt to gain more power in the federal government based on population. Specifically, Virginia's amendment proposed that the nine votes necessary to determine matters of importance in the USCA</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> must be from the states containing a majority of the white population in the new <i>"Perpetual Union.</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">” </span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">The</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> measure failed largely because of Laurens’ efforts, as well as the objections of the other smaller states.. The South Carolinian’s vote did not follow the <i>“</i>southern block<i>”</i>--clearly indicating Laurens was free from sectional bias. He stood out time and time again, putting forth and supporting articles and ideas that attempted to forge 13 individual States into one unified nation. Laurens envisioned and worked diligently to form a constitution that empowered a new central government to act for the benefit of all states equally. This philosophy, along with his wealth, unknowingly made him a leading candidate for the Presidency to replace the ailing John Hancock</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> in October of 1777. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">On October 20, 1777, the Continental Congress learned of General Burgoyne’s defeat at Saratoga;<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474" name="_ednref9" style="text-decoration: none;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_edn9" style="text-decoration: none;" title="">[9]</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>the British plan to sever the States by controlling the Hudson River Valley had resulted in the capture of the British General and his 6,000 troops. This was the news Congress and their Foreign French Commissioner, Benjamin Franklin, desperately needed to convince France to form an alliance with the United States. The Franco-American Alliance, however, would require a constitutionally formed United States of America to enact such a treaty. Work, therefore, on the Articles of Confederation accelerated, progressing steadily under what would be the last few days of John Hancock’s Presidency. Key amendments and changes to the Articles were agreed on in the sessions of October 27<sup>th</sup>, 28<sup>th</sup>, and even the 29<sup>th</sup><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>when John Hancock tendered his official resignation as President. So intent was Congress on completing the Constitution that they re-convened immediately after Hancock’s departure resolving unanimously by vote,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>"Resolved, That the secretary officiate as president until a new choice is made."</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> They went back to work with Charles Thomson officiating over the Articles of Confederation debates and resolutions. The Journals report:</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Congress resumed the consideration of the 14 article of confederation</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">, whereon it was moved to strike out the words "general officers" in the 24 line, and insert "all officers:" and to add after "United States," "excepting regimental officers." And on the question put, the same was agreed to. It was then moved to strike out the next paragraph, and in the following paragraph, after the word "forces" to insert these words, "and commissioning all officers whatever." And on the question put, the same was agreed to.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">The president having taken leave of Congress. Four o'Clock, pm. Met at 4’ O’clock, Resolved, That the secretary officiate as president until a new choice is made. On motion, Ordered, That the secretary wait upon the president and request him to furnish the house with a copy of the speech with which he took leave of Congress. <span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_edn10" name="_ednref10" style="text-decoration: none;" title="">[10]</a></span></b></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_edn10" name="_ednref10" style="text-decoration: none;" title=""></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Congress would meet only once more, on October 30<sup>th</sup>, 1777, to debate and revise the Articles of Confederation</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> with Secretary <a href="http://www.charlesthomson.com/" style="text-decoration: none;">Charles Thomson </a>presiding. The Articles would not be finalized, however, until a new President of the Continental Congress</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> was elected to the presiding office. On October 31<sup>st</sup>, 1777, Secretary Thomson turned to other business and presented congress with General Horatio Gates’ official notification of the Saratoga Convention. The Continental Congress Journals report:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">A letter, of the 18 October, from General Gates, with the copy of the convention at Saratoga, whereby General Burgoyne</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> surrenders himself and his whole army; and another, of the 20th, enclosing the copy of a letter from him to Major General John Vaughan, were read.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_edn11" name="_ednref11" style="text-decoration: none;" title="">[11]</a></span></b></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_edn11" name="_ednref11" style="text-decoration: none;" title=""></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">The spirit of the delegates soared as the thorough defeat of General Burgoyne</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> was far more than anyone anticipated. The following day, to Henry Laurens’</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> astonishment, the Chair nominated him to be the President of the Continental Congress</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">. The vote was taken and with unanimous approval, he was elected the fourth President of a very festive Continental Congress.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Henry Laurens’</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> first official act as the President was to preside and vote for a Day of Thanksgiving and <i>"to adore the superintending providence of Almighty God"</i>. In his first letter to the 13 States, President Laurens declared:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><br /></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Dear Sir, The Arms of the United States of America having been blessed in the present Campaign with remarkable Success, Congress have Resolved to recommend that one day, Thursday the 18th December next be Set apart to be observed by all Inhabitants throughout these States for a General thanksgiving to Almighty God. And I have it in command to transmit to you the inclosed extract from the minutes of Congress for that purpose.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"> <span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_edn12" name="_ednref12" style="text-decoration: none;" title="">[12]</a></span></b></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_edn12" name="_ednref12" style="color: #6c7ace; text-decoration: none;" title=""></a></span><span style="color: #4b4b4b;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-V7-PDqlzkKR3wyNQfHRstRiIgZ3jztnLSa6ZeRqGcLKqMBAVpuRe6o-UnC2pCkRQG56n3lcqgRJR8vZqyhNBmmVM24xmo2Yh0HtDHkTHQK1M4iUbELvlGxPACpm3fixyBj_kD4dbC1Y/s1600/Articles+-+Thanksgiving.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #6c7ace; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-V7-PDqlzkKR3wyNQfHRstRiIgZ3jztnLSa6ZeRqGcLKqMBAVpuRe6o-UnC2pCkRQG56n3lcqgRJR8vZqyhNBmmVM24xmo2Yh0HtDHkTHQK1M4iUbELvlGxPACpm3fixyBj_kD4dbC1Y/s400/Articles+-+Thanksgiving.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" title="November 1, 1777 Thanksgiving Proclamation - constitutionof1777.com" width="395" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">November 1, 1777 Thanksgiving Proclamation - Library of Congress, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Rare Book and Special Collections Division. <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_edn13">[13]</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Henry Laurens</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> did not reconvene the Continental Congress</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> until November 4<sup>th</sup>, when they officially thanked General Horatio Gates</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_edn14" name="_ednref14" style="text-decoration: none;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">[14]</span></span></span></a> and his army for their defense against Burgoyne</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">'s invasion as well as various other officers and units for their defense of the Delaware</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">. After another recess, Congress reconvened on November 7<sup>th</sup> to reorganize the Board of War and agreed to resume debate to finalize the Articles of Confederation</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">. The constitutional deliberations resumed on the 10<sup>th</sup>, with the Delegates working until the morning of November 15<sup>th</sup>, 1777, concluding the session with the passage of the Articles of Confederation. <span style="color: #4b4b4b;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Under this new constitution, the Continental Congress</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> would cease to exist and a new body, the United States, in Congress Assembled</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> (USCA</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">), would become the federal government of a “<i>Perpetual Union</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> between the states of New Hampshire</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">, Massachusetts</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">-bay, Rhode Island</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> and Providence Plantations, Connecticut</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">, New York</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">, New Jersey</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">, Pennsylvania</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">, Delaware</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">, Maryland</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">, Virginia</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">, North Carolina</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">, South Carolina</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> and Georgia</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">.” <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_edn15" name="_ednref15" style="text-decoration: none;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">[15]</span></b></span></span></a> </span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">The <i>Articles</i> constituted a feeble constitution, a confederation of sovereign States that formed a Not Quite Perpetual Union based on mutual respect and a central government with no taxing power. The federal government also had no power to regulate trade between the States. The national government would have to ask the States for money to wage war, establish federal departments, hire employees, maintain a judicial system and carry out the host of laws Congress passed to govern the new United States of America. The States were expected, in a most gentlemanly fashion, to comply with all constitutional requests, bequeathing the federal government with money and land to fund its national endeavors. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">The legislative, executive and judicial systems were all entrusted to one body: the “United States in Congress Assembled.” Each State had only one vote despite its population or its size, <i>“all equal in the eyes of God.”</i> Presidents served only one year and Congress rotated candidacy between North and South. The Presidents and Commander-in-Chief accepted only expenses for their services. It was a furtive commune where all members pledged secrecy and service for God and the people of their respective States that were freely united and desperately seeking peace.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">In summary, the first constitution’s Articles: </span></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: medium;">I. Establish the name of the nation as "The United States of America;"</span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: medium;">II. State that "Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not by this Confederation expressly delegated” to the new federal government called the “United States, in Congress Assembled” (USCA);<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_edn16" style="text-decoration: none;">[16]</a></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: medium;">III. Establish the Sovereign States as one Sovereign nation ". . . for their common defense, the security of their liberties, and their mutual and general welfare, binding themselves to assist each other, against all force offered to, or attacks made upon them . . . ;"</span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: medium;">IV. Establish the freedom of citizens to pass freely between states, excluding "paupers, vagabonds, and fugitives from justice." All the people were also entitled to the rights established by the State into which they traveled. If a crime were committed in one state and the perpetrator to flee to another state, the citizen would be extradited to and tried in the State in which the crime had been committed;</span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: medium;">V. Equality was established in the United States in Congress Assembled with only one vote to each State, regardless of size, but delegations might have from two to seven members. Members of the USCA were elected or appointed by state legislatures and could serve no more than three out of any six years; <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_edn17" style="text-decoration: none;">[17]</a></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></i></blockquote>
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<i><span style="font-size: medium;">VI. Only the USCA was permitted to conduct foreign relations and to declare war. No states were permitted to have navies or standing armies, or engage in war, without permission of USCA. State militias were encouraged;</span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: medium;">VII. When an Army was raised for common defense, colonels and military ranks below colonel were to be named by the state legislatures;</span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></i></blockquote>
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<i><span style="font-size: medium;">VIII. Expenditures by the USCA were paid by funds raised by State legislatures and apportioned based on the real property values of each;</span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></i></blockquote>
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<i><span style="font-size: medium;">IX. The ninth- article defined the powers of the central government:</span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></i><br />
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<li><i><span style="font-size: medium;">USCA sends and receives ambassadors</span></i></li>
<li><i><span style="font-size: medium;">USCA enters into treaties and alliances, provided that no treaty of commerce shall be made whereby the legislative power of the respective States shall be restrained from imposing such imposts and duties on foreigners, as their own people are subjected to, or from prohibiting the exportation or importation of any species of goods or commodities whatsoever;</span></i></li>
<li><i><span style="font-size: medium;">USCA establishes the rules for deciding, in all cases, what captures on land or water shall be legal, and in what manner prizes taken by land or naval forces in the service of the United States shall be divided or appropriated;</span></i></li>
<li><i><span style="font-size: medium;">USCA grants letters of marque (diplomacy) and reprisal in times of peace;</span></i></li>
<li><i><span style="font-size: medium;">USCA appoints courts for the trial of piracies and felonies committed on the high seas and establishes courts for receiving and determining finally appeals in all cases of captures, provided that no member of Congress shall be appointed a judge of any of the said courts;</span></i></li>
<li><i><span style="font-size: medium;">USCA fixes the standards of weights and measures throughout the United States;</span></i></li>
<li><i><span style="font-size: medium;">USCA regulates the trade and management of all affairs with Indians, not members of any of the States, provided that the legislative right of any State within its own limits be not infringed or violated;</span></i></li>
<li><i><span style="font-size: medium;">USCA establishes or regulates post offices from one State to another, throughout all the United States. They also exact postage on the papers passing through the post office to defray the expenses of the bureau;</span></i></li>
<li><i><span style="font-size: medium;">USCA appoints all officers of the land forces, in the service of the United States, excepting regimental officers;</span></i></li>
<li><i><span style="font-size: medium;">USCA appoints all the officers of the naval forces, and commissions all officers whatever in the service of the United States;</span></i></li>
<li><i><span style="font-size: medium;">USCA makes rules for the government and regulation of the said land and naval forces, and direction of their operations;</span></i></li>
<li><i><span style="font-size: medium;">USCA serves as a final court for disputes between states;</span></i></li>
<li><i><span style="font-size: medium;">USCA defines a Committee of the States to be a government when Congress is not in session;</span></i></li>
<li><i><span style="font-size: medium;">USCA elects one of their members to preside, provided that no person be allowed to serve in the office of president more than one year in any term of three years</span></i></li>
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<i><span style="font-size: medium;">X. The Committee of the States, or any nine of them, shall be authorized to execute, in the recess of USCA, such of the powers of the USCA. The President of the USCA is to chair the Committee of the States;</span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></i></blockquote>
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<i><span style="font-size: medium;">XI. Nine states required to approve the admission of a new state into the confederacy; pre-approves Canada, should it apply for membership;</span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></i></blockquote>
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<i><span style="font-size: medium;">XII. Reaffirms that the Confederation accepts war debt incurred by the Continental Congress before the Articles;</span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></i></blockquote>
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<i><span style="font-size: medium;">XIII. Declares that the Articles of Confederation are perpetual, and can only be altered by approval of Congress with ratification by all the state legislatures.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_edn18" style="text-decoration: none;">[18]</a></span></i></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">The Continental Congress</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">, after 16 months of debate and deliberations, forged the United States Constitution of 1777, creating one nation empowered to govern but with one caveat: All 13 States were required to ratify the constitution before it would officially take effect. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">The 1777 Maryland Plan,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>even before the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://articlesofconfederation.com/" style="text-decoration: none;">Articles of Confederation</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>were passed by the U.S. Continental Congress, proposed that the USCA would have the sole right and power over the frontier lands “<i>North and West of the Ohio River</i>,” later known as the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://northwestordinance.org/" style="text-decoration: none;">Northwest Territory</a>. This measure, however, was heartily opposed by Virginia, New York, Connecticut, and Massachusetts who all had vast interior claims to the Northwest Territory. The Southern states of Georgia, South and North Carolina also had claims that stretched all the way to the Mississippi River. Maryland was alone but knowing that the constitution required state assembly ratification, its delegates approved the Articles of Confederation on November 15, 1777. The question of Northwest Territorial land claims was left to be considered by the individual state governments who were charged with the review and ratification of the Articles of Confederation. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">On May 21, 1779, after 12 States had ratified the Articles, the Maryland State Assembly formally communicated to the U.S. Continental Congress its conditions for ratification. The assembly gave notice that it would only ratify the Articles if they received definite assurances that the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://northwestordinance.org/" style="text-decoration: none;">Northwest Territory</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>would be released by the states to the USCA:</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">We are convinced policy and justice require that a country unsettled at the commencement of this war, claimed by the British Crown, and ceded to it by the treaty of Paris, if wrested from the common enemy by the blood and the treasure of the 13 States, should be considered as a common property, subject to be parceled out by Congress into free, convenient, and independent governments, in such manner and at such times as the wisdom of that assembly shall hereafter direct.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_edn19" name="_ednref19" style="text-decoration: none;" title="">[19]</a></span></b></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_edn19" name="_ednref19" style="text-decoration: none;" title=""></a></span></span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">It was now the charge of Continental Congress Delegates John Hanson and Daniel Carroll to persistently press this demand of their State.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></div>
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<b><i>U.S. State 1776-1781 claims on land east of the Mississippi River.</i></b> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">On September 6, 1780 the U.S. Continental Congress acted on the Maryland Plan resolving that the western territory be released and Maryland ratify the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://constitutionof1777.com/" style="text-decoration: none;">Articles of Confederation</a>. The Journals report:</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">Congress took into consideration the report of the committee to whom were referred the instructions of the general assembly of Maryland to their delegates in Congress, respecting the articles of confederation, and the declaration therein referred to, the act of the legislature of New York on the same subject, and the remonstrance of the general assembly of Virginia; which report was agreed to, and is in the words following:</span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">"That having duly considered the several matters to them submitted, they conceive it unnecessary to examine into the merits or the policy of the instructions or declaration of the general assembly of Maryland, or of the remonstrance of the general assembly of Virginia, as they involve questions, a discussion of which was declined on mature consideration, when the articles of confederation were debated; nor, in the opinion of the committee, can such questions be now revived with any prospect of conciliation; that it appears more advisable to press upon those states which can remove the embarrassment respecting the western country, a liberal surrender of a portion of their territorial claims, since they cannot be preserved entire without endangering the stability of the general confederacy; to remind them how indispensably necessary it is to establish the federal union on a fixed and permanent basis, and on principles acceptable to all its respective members; how essential to public credit and confidence, to the support of our army, to the vigor of our councils and success of our measures, to our tranquility at home, and our reputation abroad, to our present safety and our future prosperity, to our very existence as a free, sovereign and independent people; that they are fully persuaded the wisdom and magnanimity of the patriotic legislators of these states will on an occasion of such vast magnitude, prompt them to prefer the general security to local attachment, and the permanency of the confederacy to an unwieldy extent of their respective limits, of the respective legislatures will lead them to a full and impartial consideration of a subject so interesting to the United States, and so necessary to the happy establishment of the federal union; that they are confirmed in these expectations by a review of the before mentioned act of the legislature of New York, submitted to their consideration; that this act is expressly calculated to accelerate the federal alliance, by removing, as far as it depends on that State, the impediment arising from the western country, and for that purpose to yield up a portion of territorial claim for the general benefit; an example which in the opinion of your committee deserves applause, and will produce imitation," Whereupon,</span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">Resolved, That copies of the several papers referred to the committee be transmitted, with a copy of the report, to the legislatures of Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia the several states, and that it be earnestly recommended to those states, who have claims to the western country, to pass such laws, and give their delegates in Congress such powers as may effectually remove the only obstacle to a final ratification of the articles of confederation; and that the legislature of Maryland be earnestly requested to authorize their delegates in Congress to subscribe the said articles; and that a copy of the aforementioned remonstrance from the assembly of Virginia and act of the legislature of New York, together with a copy of this report, be transmitted to the said legislature of Maryland.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_edn20" name="_ednref20" style="text-decoration: none;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">[20]</span></b></span></span></a></span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">On October 10<sup>th</sup><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Congress adopted Virginia proposal, moved by Delegate<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://jamesmadison.us/" style="text-decoration: none;">James Madison</a>, to reimburse state expenses related to cession of western lands and to require that ceded lands "<i>be disposed of for the common benefit of the United States.”<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></i> The Journals record:</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">Resolved, That the unappropriated lands that may be ceded or relinquished to the United States, by any particular states, pursuant to the recommendation of Congress of the 6 day of September last, shall be granted and disposed of for the common benefit of all the United States that shall be members of the federal union, and be settled and formed into distinct republican states, which shall become members of the federal union, and have the same rights of sovereignty, freedom and independence, as the other states: that each state which shall be so formed shall contain a suitable extent of territory, not less than one hundred nor more than one hundred and fifty miles square, or as near thereto as circumstances will admit: and that upon such cession being made by any State and approved and accepted by Congress, the United States shall guaranty the remaining territory of the said States respectively. That the necessary and reasonable expenses which any particular state shall have incurred since the commencement of the present war, in subduing any of the British posts, or in maintaining forts or garrisons within and for the defense, or in acquiring any part of the territory that may be ceded or relinquished to the United States, shall be reimbursed; That the said lands shall be granted and settled at such times and under such regulations as shall hereafter be agreed on by the United States in Congress assembled, or any nine or more of them. That all purchases made of the Indians of any of said lands by private persons, without the approbation of the Legislature of the State to whom the right of preemption belonged, shall not be deemed valid to make a title to such purchases. That no purchases and deeds from any Indians or Indian nations, for lands within the Territory to be ceded or relinquished, which have been made without the approbation of the legislature Postponed of the state within whose limits it lay for the use of any private person or persons whatsoever make a title to the purchasers shall not have been rated by lawful authority, shall be deemed valid or ratified by Congress.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_edn21" name="_ednref21" style="text-decoration: none;" title="">[21]</a></span></b></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_edn21" name="_ednref21" style="text-decoration: none;" title=""></a></span></span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">USCA President<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://samuelhuntington.org/" style="text-decoration: none;">Samuel Huntington</a>, a delegate from Connecticut, led the way for other congressional delegations when he successfully convinced his state legislature to relinquish their western lands claims to the federal government. On November 28, 1780 John Hanson wrote <a href="http://charlescarrollofcarrollton.com/" style="text-decoration: none;">Charles Carroll of Carrollton</a>:</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">The president of Congress has promised to send by this post, a Copy of a late Law passed in Connecticut, respecting a Cession of some part of the back Lands. We have had nothing from Virginia or any other state on that Subject.</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_edn22" name="_ednref22" style="text-decoration: none;" title="">[22]</a></span></b></span></span></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Maryland, thanks to John Hanson, Daniel Carroll, James Madison, Samuel Huntington and others brokering land cessions from the states, finally passed an act to empower their delegates to subscribe and ratify the Articles of Confederation on January 30th, 1781. On February 2, 1781 Governor Thomas Sim Lee signed the empowerment into law. </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDMtXyQqUuI3V05TV8V4UchVj8BEPJALcWKNuChF-kceMVemL-qffrkhndHIDKONlv3Sii1RG2tmMIoQi2LpfjhzUEu2lZzvkjl3RZFplmiWk_aMJ_GNTRqj-6OaWYXN4XZqfKO4g3IuA/s1600/MD+Articles+02-02-1781_Page_1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDMtXyQqUuI3V05TV8V4UchVj8BEPJALcWKNuChF-kceMVemL-qffrkhndHIDKONlv3Sii1RG2tmMIoQi2LpfjhzUEu2lZzvkjl3RZFplmiWk_aMJ_GNTRqj-6OaWYXN4XZqfKO4g3IuA/s400/MD+Articles+02-02-1781_Page_1.jpg" title="The Act of the Maryland legislature to ratify the Articles of Confederation on on February 2, 1781 - Image Courtesy of the Library of Congress - http://www.articlesofconfederation.com/" width="262" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdt0wZ9DBk3lDLtiSFKYmfIlZ9_mf2OA_xR2oIOeyiBNPUq-xFErWxxhF0xm3mtHcssEQwnt9exAg0FEDvi2woQPb2x2jwxnbaiELZrpJYGMsoScrforlC2aDgNvCG7Dxj_m3LzVVIY0o/s1600/MD+Articles+02-02-1781_Page_2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdt0wZ9DBk3lDLtiSFKYmfIlZ9_mf2OA_xR2oIOeyiBNPUq-xFErWxxhF0xm3mtHcssEQwnt9exAg0FEDvi2woQPb2x2jwxnbaiELZrpJYGMsoScrforlC2aDgNvCG7Dxj_m3LzVVIY0o/s400/MD+Articles+02-02-1781_Page_2.jpg" title="The Act of the Maryland legislature to ratify the Articles of Confederation on February 2, 1781 - Image Courtesy of the Library of Congress - http://www.articlesofconfederation.com/" width="273" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 28px;"><i>The Act of the Maryland legislature to ratify the Articles of Confederation on February 2, 1781 - Image Courtesy of the Library of Congress</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">On February 20<sup>th</sup>, Daniel Carroll, after presenting Maryland’s ratification of the Articles to Congress, took a moment to write<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://charlescarrollofcarrollton.com/" style="text-decoration: none;">Charles Carroll of Carrollton</a>:</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">On the first day of my appearing in Congress, I delivered the Act empowering the Delegates of Maryland to Subscribe the Articles of Confederation &c.! It was read, & entered on the Journals.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_edn23" name="_ednref23" style="text-decoration: none;" title="">[23]</a></span></b></span></span></span></i></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="color: black;"><a href="http://www.johnhanson.net/" style="text-decoration: none;">John Hanson</a>, the second delegate authorized to ratify the <a href="http://articlesofconfederation.org/" style="text-decoration: none;">Articles of Confederation</a> for Maryland, arrived in Philadelphia two days later. Although Article V of the constitution stated that<i> “… the United States, delegates shall be annually appointed in such manner as the legislatures of each State shall direct, to meet in Congress on the first Monday in November, in every year,” </i>all<i> </i>the Congressional delegates were now duly appointed after their respective states had ratified the Articles of Confederation.<i>Congress</i>, who had waited on Maryland’s approval since the 12<sup>th</sup> state’s ratification in February 1779, decided to not to delay the formation of the <i>“Perpetual Union”</i>confederation until November 5, 1781. On February 22, 1781, it was unanimously resolved that:</span><span style="color: #4b4b4b;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnPlcCJo3AH2sPKDF0uGpMSMn1zzdP_z301LCBdhTjabh7vFxcXAK96P0H166ihLOZtURi1sMsf7XB-2nwiH-lvEjDPE8bE30yLli27Md71Q9XdVnZoqHEKy4LM7puNc4uQQuMo953CU4/s1600/02-20-1781+Enactment+Articles.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" border="0" height="536" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnPlcCJo3AH2sPKDF0uGpMSMn1zzdP_z301LCBdhTjabh7vFxcXAK96P0H166ihLOZtURi1sMsf7XB-2nwiH-lvEjDPE8bE30yLli27Md71Q9XdVnZoqHEKy4LM7puNc4uQQuMo953CU4/s640/02-20-1781+Enactment+Articles.jpg" title="February 22, 1781 entry from the Journals of Congress, and of The United States in Congress Assembled, for the Years 1781-1782. Published By Order Of Congress, Volume VII. New York: Printed by John Patterson. 1787. "An edition of five hundred copies was printed by order of Congress, 13 September, 1786” pages 38 and 39, retrieved http://www.ArticlesofConfederation.com" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">February 22, 1781 entry from the <i>Journals of Congress, and of The United States in Congress Assembled, for the Years 1781-1782. Published By Order Of Congress, Volume VII. New York: Printed by John Patterson. 1787. "An edition of five hundred copies was printed by order of Congress, 13 September, 1786”</i> pages 38 and 39, - Image from the <a href="http://www.historic.us/">Historic.us Collection</a></span></td></tr>
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<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">The delegates of Maryland having taken their seats in Congress with powers to sign the Articles of Confederation: Ordered, That Thursday next </span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">[March 1, 1781]<i>be assigned for compleating the Confederation; and that a committee of three be appointed, to consider and report a mode for announcing the same to the public: the members, [Mr. George] Walton, Mr. <a href="http://jamesmadison.us/" style="color: #6c7ace; text-decoration: none;">[James] Madison</a>, Mr. [John] Mathews.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="color: #6c7ace; text-decoration: none;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">[1]</span></b></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIaD6YX-JlUm20W0L-1FvL4puX9vZoSVYyk9iPj2dpw2pBZ_BwFFBInDBQJTclTLJghXUNI9EkUNN8XQ50y6WVl8Fxq8DLKFGaUWd284AjQkeiIaLkFink00KsgWOKBZSZqPup5-G9bNs/s1600/Journals.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #32aaff; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img alt="" border="0" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIaD6YX-JlUm20W0L-1FvL4puX9vZoSVYyk9iPj2dpw2pBZ_BwFFBInDBQJTclTLJghXUNI9EkUNN8XQ50y6WVl8Fxq8DLKFGaUWd284AjQkeiIaLkFink00KsgWOKBZSZqPup5-G9bNs/s640/Journals.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" title="Journals of Congress, and of The United States in Congress Assembled, for the Years 1781-1782. Published By Order Of Congress, Volume VII. New York: Printed by John Patterson. 1787. "An edition of five hundred copies was printed by order of Congress, March 1, 1781 Articles of Confederation signers entry” - Image from the Historic.us Collection" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;"><i>Journals of Congress, and of The United States in Congress Assembled, for the Years 1781-1782. Published By Order Of Congress, Volume VII. New York: Printed by John Patterson. 1787. "An edition of five hundred copies was printed by order of Congress</i>, March 1, 1781 Articles of Confederation signers entry” - Image from the </span><a href="http://www.historic.us/" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: medium;">Historic.us Collection</a></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">On that date, the Articles of Confederation were adopted and the March 7, 1781 </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Pennsylvania Gazette reported on the festivities:</span></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">In pursuance of an Act of the Legislature of Maryland, entitled, 'An Act to empower the Delegates of the State in Congress to subscriber and ratify the Articles of Confederation,' the Delegates of the said State, on Thursday last, at twelve o, signed and ratified the Articles of Confederation; by which act the Confederation of the United States of America was completed, each and every of the Thirteen States, from New Hampshire to George, both included, having adopted and confirmed, and by their Delegates in Congress ratified the same.</span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">This happy even was immediately announced to the public by the discharge of the artillery on land, and the cannon of the shipping in the river Delaware. At two o’ clock his Excellency the President of Congress received on this occasion the congratulations of the Hon. the Minister Plenipotentiary of France, and of the Legislative and Executive Bodies of this State, of the Civil and Military Officers, sundry strangers of distinction in town, and of many of the principal inhabitants.</span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The evening was closed by an elegant exhibition of fireworks. The Ariel frigate, commanded by the gallant John Paul Jones, fired a feu de joye, and was beautifully decorated with a variety of streamers in the day, and ornamented with a brilliant appearance of lights in the night. </span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Thus will the first of March, 1781, be a day memorable in the annals of America, for the final ratification of the Confederation and perpetual Union of the Thirteen States of America --- A Union, begun by necessity, cemented by oppression and common danger, and now finally consolidated into a perpetual confederacy of these new and rising States: And thus the United States of America, having, amidst the calamities of a destructive war, established a solid foundation of greatness, are growing up into consequence among the nations, while their haughty enemy, Britain, with all her boasted wealth and grandeur, instead of bringing them to her feet and reducing them to unconditional submission, finds her hopes blasted, her power crumbling to pieces, and the empire which, with overbearing insolence and brutality she exercised on the ocean, divided among her insulted neighbors. </span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><i style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_edn25" name="_ednref25" style="text-decoration: none;" title="">[25]</a></span></b></span></span></span></i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCiQRV6p07U04CU65codiRKm0_WPYLqcyqUbvVaplfovdVdD3vJoUWlfRfNIrHNcinkOyQ6q3PgG94LCWFqIFNLh4fFhfZxtDY2lIut3nJipKWcVjm5hunvkXvpihNEbotxNKU9zaJWaM/s1600/AA+AC.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #6c7ace; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" border="0" height="590" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCiQRV6p07U04CU65codiRKm0_WPYLqcyqUbvVaplfovdVdD3vJoUWlfRfNIrHNcinkOyQ6q3PgG94LCWFqIFNLh4fFhfZxtDY2lIut3nJipKWcVjm5hunvkXvpihNEbotxNKU9zaJWaM/s640/AA+AC.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" title="Journals of Congress, and of The United States in Congress Assembled, for the Years 1781-1782. Published By Order Of Congress, Volume VII. New York: Printed by John Patterson. 1787. "An edition of five hundred copies was printed by order of Congress, March 1, 1781 Articles of Confederation and Articles of Association - Image from the Historic.us Collection" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">The following day, March 2nd, 1781, the United States in Congress Assembled (USCA) convened as the new government of the United States of America with <a href="http://samuelhuntington.org/" style="text-decoration: none;">Samuel Huntington</a> as President. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Secretary</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> </span><a href="http://charlesthomson.com/" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px; text-decoration: none;">Charles Thomas</a><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">began the new journal by placing “</span><i style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">The United States in Congress Assembled"</i><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">at the head of the first page. The United States of America, which was conceived on July 2, 1776, proclaimed on the 4</span><sup style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 28px;">th</sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">, and re-formulated on November 15, 1777, had finally been constitutional born with the Articles of Confederation’s ratification. The USCA Journal reports:</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">The ratification of the Articles of Confederation being yesterday completed by the accession of the State of Maryland: The United States met in Congress, when the following members appeared: His Excellency Samuel Huntington, delegate for Connecticut, President...<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_edn26" name="_ednref26" style="text-decoration: none;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">[26]</span></b></span></span></a></span></i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify;"><i>Journals of Congress, and of The United States in Congress Assembled, for the Years 1781-1782. Published By Order Of Congress, Volume VII. New York: Printed by John Patterson. 1787. "An edition of five hundred copies was printed by order of Congress</i>, March 2nd, 1781 entry showing the name change of Continental Congress to United States in Congress Assembled and Samuel Huntington service as the Articles of Confederation's first President. - Image from the </span><a href="http://www.historic.us/" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: medium; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify;">Historic.us Collection</a> <span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><b><i> </i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">With the Continental Congress dissolved and the first U.S. Constitution now in effect, the new government of the USCA was faced with the reality that they had to disqualify both New Hampshire and Rhode Island from voting in the new assembly. This was particularly dubious because the two delegates, as members of the U.S. Continental Congress, voted unanimously to adopt the Articles of Confederation as the first U.S. Constitution. Delaware Delegate Thomas Rodney, in his diary’s March 2, 1781 entry, explains the conundrum that was caused by the formation of the <i><a href="http://articlesofconfederation.com/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">Constitution of 1777’s</span></a></i> Congress:</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The States of New Hampshire and Rhode Island having each but one Member in Congress, they became unrepresented by the Confirmation of the Confederation-By which not more than Seven nor less than two members is allowed to represent any State -Whereupon General Sullivan, Delegate from New Hampshire moved - That Congress would appoint a Committee of the States, and Adjourn till those States Could Send forward a Sufficient number of Delegates to represent them-Or that they would allow their Delegates now in Congress To give the Vote of the States until one More from each of those States was Sent to Congress to Make their representation Complete.</span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">He alleged that it was but just for Congress to do one or the other of them-for that the act of Congress by completing the Confederation ought not to deprive those States of their representation without giving them due notice, as their representation was complete before, & that they did not know when the Confederation would be completed. Therefore if the Confederation put it out of the power of Congress to allow the States vote in Congress because there was but one member from each them, they ought in justice to those States to appoint a Committee of the States, in which they would have an Equal Voice. This motion was seconded by Genl. Vernon from Rhode Island and enforced by arguments to the same purpose.</span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> But all their arguments were ably confuted by Mr. Burke of N.C. and others, and the absurdity of the motion fully pointed out, So that the question passed off without a Division. But it was the general opinion of Congress that those members might continue to sit in Congress, and debate & serve on Committees though they could not give the vote of their States. </span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">It was unanimously agreed that the Articles of Confederation were in full force and for a State to have a vote in the USCA, unlike the Continental Congress; at least two delegates were required to cast the one vote for their respective state. </span></div>
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3513E8QPDPpbQaR5-5Siy5dr4rdpTnNREacHaLS-zymlDp-zqNs8tAczTz-b0xBLF2tFH3e8QvtWaGdIXm2_5taYV5N15iVUIMBUQHuD289TMnTewaVyb5mcY84pmtbWRRK5FHZngkRU/s1600/Treasury+Huntington.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #6c7ace; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" border="0" height="412" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3513E8QPDPpbQaR5-5Siy5dr4rdpTnNREacHaLS-zymlDp-zqNs8tAczTz-b0xBLF2tFH3e8QvtWaGdIXm2_5taYV5N15iVUIMBUQHuD289TMnTewaVyb5mcY84pmtbWRRK5FHZngkRU/s640/Treasury+Huntington.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" title="March 12, 1781 Treasury letter referring to Samuel Huntington as President of the United States in Congress Assembled - www.samuelhuntington.org" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;"><i>March 12, 1781 Treasury letter referring to Samuel Huntington as<br />President of the United States in Congress Assembled</i></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">It is important to establish here that the framers viewed the Articles of Confederation</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> as a federal constitution. The words <i>“federal constitution”</i> were exhaustively used in the pre-1787 U.S. Constitution era in <b>resolutions</b> (<i>“and further provisions as to render the federal Constitution adequate to the Exigencies of the Union;”</i>) <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_edn28" name="_ednref28" style="text-decoration: none;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">[28]</span></span></span></a> <b>United States treaties</b> (<i>“That these United States be considered in all such treaties, and in every case arising under them, as one nation, upon the principles of the federal constitution;”</i>)<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_edn29" name="_ednref29" style="text-decoration: none;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">[29]</span></span></span></a> <b>United States finances</b> (<i>“The federal constitution authorizes the United States to obtain money by three means; 1<sup>st</sup>. by requisition; 2d., by loan; and 3d., by emitting bills of credit;”</i>)<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_edn30" name="_ednref30" style="text-decoration: none;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">[30]</span></span></span></a> and in <b>United States Delegate debates</b>:<span style="color: #4b4b4b;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">A requisition of Congress on the States for money is as much a law to them as their revenue Acts when passed are laws to their respective Citizens. If, for want of the faculty or means of enforcing a requisition, the law of Congress proves inefficient, does it not follow that in order to fulfill the views of the federal constitution, such a change sd. Be made as will render it efficient? Without such efficiency the end of this Constitution, which is to preserve order and justice among the members of the Union, must fail; as without a like efficiency would the end of State Constitutions, which is to preserve like order & justice among its members.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="text-decoration: none;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_edn31" name="_ednref31" style="text-decoration: none;" title="">[31]</a></span></b></span></span><span style="color: #4b4b4b;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i><br />
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<b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: large;">Who was the first U.S. President?</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">These U.S. founding acts and laws also include a resolution empowering the President of the United States to reconvene the <i>“federal government” </i>in New Jersey</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> after he and the Congress were held hostage in Independence Hall, by mutinous soldiers:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">There is not a satisfactory ground for expecting adequate and prompt exertions of this State for supporting the dignity of the federal government, the President … be authorized and directed to summon the members of Congress to meet on Thursday next at Trenton or Princeton, in New Jersey</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">. <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_edn32" name="_ednref32" style="text-decoration: none;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">[32]</span></b></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">The Articles of Confederation were recognized as a federal constitution by Maryland, the last state to ratify, in passing their “Act of Appointment of, And Conferring Powers in, Deputies from this State to the Federal Convention” affirming that it would join with other States<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">“ … in considering such alterations, and further provisions, as may be necessary to render the <u>federal constitution</u> adequate to the exigencies of the union.”<span style="color: #4b4b4b;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjF9C0nWaEIEgL7QlYwdhK9ZkQd8JB7CcWBdrgULzjp3tf81u4QcNXDTbbekZWqCVTzgfv26GJX4HE8NPclKA-IXsRtvClTZ07XwrRre53hDlnbYbFYCwzRckvuzfpROwPrGLPsFqF-SjE/s1600/a+maryland+act.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #6c7ace; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" border="0" height="315" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjF9C0nWaEIEgL7QlYwdhK9ZkQd8JB7CcWBdrgULzjp3tf81u4QcNXDTbbekZWqCVTzgfv26GJX4HE8NPclKA-IXsRtvClTZ07XwrRre53hDlnbYbFYCwzRckvuzfpROwPrGLPsFqF-SjE/s640/a+maryland+act.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" title="An Act for the appointment of, and conferring powers in, deputies from this state to the federal convention. Maryland Act of 1787 - Image Courtesy of Historic.us" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="background-color: white; color: #4b4b4b; font-size: medium; line-height: 22px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 28px;">An Act for the appointment of, and conferring powers in, deputies from this state to the federal convention. Maryland Act of 1787 - <a href="http://www.historic.us/">Image Courtesy of Historic.us</a></span></i></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">The unicameral federal government constituted under the Articles of Confederation</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> known as the United States, in Congress Assembled</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> (USCA</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">) would convene in eight different sessions. The First session began on March 2<sup>nd</sup>, 1781 with Samuel Huntington</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> as President. The eighth and last USCA</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> under President Cyrus Griffin</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> ended on October 10<sup>th</sup>, 1788, as the ninth failed to achieve a quorum in November 1788:<span style="color: #4b4b4b;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 34px;">First USCA: Convened March 2, 1781 - </span><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 34px;"><a href="http://samuelhuntington.org/" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: #6666cc;">Samuel Huntington</span></a><u1:p></u1:p> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 34px;">and </span><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 34px;"><a href="http://thomasmckean.com/" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: #6666cc;">Thomas McKean</span></a><u1:p></u1:p> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 34px;">Presidents<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 34px;">Second USCA: Convened November 5, 1781 - </span><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 34px;"><a href="http://johnhanson.net/" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: #6666cc;">John Hanson</span></a><u1:p></u1:p> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 34px;">President<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 34px;">Third USCA: Convened November 4, 1782 - </span><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 34px;"><a href="http://eliasboudinot.com/" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: #6666cc;">Elias Boudinot</span></a><u1:p></u1:p> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 34px;">President<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 34px;">Fourth USCA: Convened November 3, 1783 - </span><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 34px;"><a href="http://thomasmifflin.com/" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: #6666cc;">Thomas Mifflin</span></a><u1:p></u1:p> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 34px;">President<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 34px;">Fifth USCA: Convened November 29, 1784 - </span><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 34px;"><a href="http://richardhenrylee.org/" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: #6666cc;">Richard Henry Lee</span></a><u1:p></u1:p> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 34px;">President<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 34px;">Sixth USCA: Convened November 23, 1785 - </span><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 34px;"><a href="http://johnhancock.org/" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: #6666cc;">John Hancock</span></a><u1:p></u1:p> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 34px;">and </span><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 34px;"><a href="http://nathanielgorham.com/" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: #6666cc;">Nathaniel Gorham</span></a><u1:p></u1:p> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 34px;">Presidents<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 34px;">Seventh USCA: Convened February 2, 1787 - </span><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 34px;"><a href="http://arthurstclair.com/" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: #6666cc;">Arthur St. Clair</span></a><u1:p></u1:p> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 34px;">President<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 34px; text-indent: 0in;">Eighth USCA: Convened January 21, 1788 - </span><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 34px; text-indent: 0in;"><a href="http://cyrusgriffin.com/" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: #6666cc;">Cyrus Griffin</span></a><u1:p></u1:p> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 34px; text-indent: 0in;">President</span><br />
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="color: #6c7ace; text-decoration: none;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><em><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">JCC, 1774-1789, </span></em><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Wednesday June 12, 1776.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="color: #6c7ace; text-decoration: none;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <i>JCC</i>, July 12, 1776<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_ednref3" name="_edn3" style="color: #6c7ace; text-decoration: none;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Letter from John Adams</span><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> to Abigail Adams</span><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">, 30 September 1777. Original manuscript from the Adams Family Papers, Massachusetts</span><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Historical Society.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_ednref4" name="_edn4" style="color: #6c7ace; text-decoration: none;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> General John Burgoyne</span><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> (24 February 1722 – 4 August 1792) was a British army officer charged with gaining control of Lake Champlain and the Hudson River valley. This would divide New England from the southern colonies ending the rebellion. On 17 October, 1777, during the Saratoga campaign he surrendered his army of 6,000 men to General Horatio Gates</span><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> and the northern Continental Army</span><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_ednref5" name="_edn5" style="color: #6c7ace; text-decoration: none;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> John Adams, 30 September, 1777, <i>op. cit.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_ednref6" name="_edn6" style="color: #6c7ace; text-decoration: none;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <i>Ibid.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_ednref7" name="_edn7" style="color: #6c7ace; text-decoration: none;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Letter from Charles Carroll</span><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> of Carrollton, October 5, 1777. In Paul H. Smith, et al., eds<i>, Letters of Delegates to Congress, 1774-1789</i>. 25 volumes, Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 1976-2000). Cited hereafter as <i>LDC, 1774-1789.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_ednref8" name="_edn8" style="color: #6c7ace; text-decoration: none;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Letter from James Lovell</span><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> to General Horatio Gates</span><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">, October 5, 1777. In as <i>LDC, 1774-1789.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_ednref9" name="_edn9" style="color: #6c7ace; text-decoration: none;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><em><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">JCC, 1774-1789</span></em><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">, October 20, 1777.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_ednref10" name="_edn10" style="color: #6c7ace; text-decoration: none;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a><i><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Debates on the Articles of Confederation</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> and Hancock request for two months leave</span></i><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">, October 29, 1777. </span><em><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">JCC, 1774-1789</span></em><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_ednref11" name="_edn11" style="color: #6c7ace; text-decoration: none;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><em><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ibid</span></em><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">, October 31, 1777<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_ednref12" name="_edn12" style="color: #6c7ace; text-decoration: none;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <i>Ibid</i></span><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">, <i>Thanksgiving Proclamation</i>, November 1, 1777<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_ednref13" name="_edn13" style="color: #6c7ace; text-decoration: none;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Thanksgiving Proclamation, Original Broadside, November 1, 1777, Library of Congress, Rare Book and Special Collections Division.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_ednref14" name="_edn14" style="color: #6c7ace; text-decoration: none;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Horatio Lloyd Gates (1727–1806) was a British soldier who became an American general during the Revolutionary War. He took credit, over Benedict Arnold</span><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> who led the attack, for the American victory at the Battle of Saratoga. He was promoted to head the Board of War and from there sought to replace George Washington</span><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> as commander-in-chief. The Conway Cabal failed and Gates was eventually given the Southern Command where he was thoroughly defeated by General Cornwallis in the Battle of Camden.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_ednref15" name="_edn15" style="color: #6c7ace; text-decoration: none;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><em><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">JCC, 1774-1789</span></em><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">, Articles of Confederation</span><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">, November 15, 1777</span><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">, first paragraph.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_ednref16" name="_edn16" style="color: #6c7ace; text-decoration: none;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> This language would later be reformulated and added as the 10th Amendment to the current U.S. Constitution</span><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> that states:<i>“The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.”<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_ednref17" name="_edn17" style="color: #6c7ace; text-decoration: none;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> The concept of one vote to each State would be adopted under the current U.S. Constitution</span><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> in the formation of any future constitutional conventions and the passage of all amendments. The representation would also be incorporated in the U.S. Senate with each State, regardless of size, having two votes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_ednref18" name="_edn18" style="color: #6c7ace; text-decoration: none;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Format and some information gathered from Wikipedia’s Articles of Confederation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation. Fact checked against author’s research and </span><em><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">JCC, 1774-1789</span></em><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">, ed. Worthington C. Ford et al. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_ednref19" name="_edn19" style="color: #6c7ace; text-decoration: none;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Instructions of the General Assembly of Maryland to George Plater, William Paca, William Carmichael, John Henry, James Forbes, and Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer, Esqs. laid before the Continental Congress on 21st of May, 1779, <i>State Claims Northwest Territory Address Of Hon William E. Chilton Of West Virginia , </i>In The Senate of The United States On April 10. 1912, p.5-6</span><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_ednref20" name="_edn20" style="color: #6c7ace; text-decoration: none;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Journals of the US Continental Congress, September 6, 1780</span><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_ednref21" name="_edn21" style="color: #6c7ace; text-decoration: none;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Journals of the US Continental Congress, October 10, 1780</span><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_ednref22" name="_edn22" style="color: #6c7ace; text-decoration: none;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">John Hanson to Charles Carroll of Carrolton, November 28, 1780, LDC 1774-1789</span><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_ednref23" name="_edn23" style="color: #6c7ace; text-decoration: none;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">[23]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Daniel Carroll to Charles Carroll of Carrolton, February 20, 1781, LDC 1774-1789</span><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_ednref24" name="_edn24" style="color: #6c7ace; text-decoration: none;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">[24]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Daniel Carroll to Charles Carroll of Carrolton, February 20, 1781, LDC 1774-1789</span><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_ednref25" name="_edn25" style="color: #6c7ace; text-decoration: none;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">[25]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif;"> John Nagy Editor - <i>Pennsylvania Gazette 1728-1800 On-Line Publication By Accessible Archives</i>, Malvern, PA, - http:www.accessible.com.</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_ednref26" name="_edn26" style="color: #6c7ace; text-decoration: none;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">[26]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">March 2, 1781, JCC 1774-1789</span><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_ednref27" name="_edn27" style="color: #6c7ace; text-decoration: none;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">[27]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Thomas Rodney, in his diary’s March 2, 1781 LDC 1774-1789</span><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_ednref28" name="_edn28" style="color: #6c7ace; text-decoration: none;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">[28]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><em><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">JCC, 1774-1789</span></em><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">, , March15, 1787<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_ednref29" name="_edn29" style="color: #6c7ace; text-decoration: none;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">[29]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><em><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">JCC, 1774-1789</span></em><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">, March 26, 1784<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_ednref30" name="_edn30" style="color: #6c7ace; text-decoration: none;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">[30]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <i>Ibid</i>, February 3, 1786<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_ednref31" name="_edn31" style="color: #6c7ace; text-decoration: none;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">[31]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <i>Ibid</i>, January 28, 1783<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1871681908693938474#_ednref32" name="_edn32" style="color: #6c7ace; text-decoration: none;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">[32]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <i>Ibid</i>, June 21, 1783</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><strong>The Congressional Evolution of the United States of America </strong></span></span><strong style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: 14.85px;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Continental Congress of the United Colonies Presidents</b><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></div>
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Sept. 5, 1774 to July 1, 1776</div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><a href="http://peytonrandolph.com/" style="color: #6666cc;">Peyton Randolph</a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(79, 129, 189); border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top: 1pt solid rgb(79, 129, 189); height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-indent: 0in;">
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">September 5, 1774<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">October 22, 1774<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><a href="http://henrymiddleton.com/" style="color: #6666cc;">Henry Middleton</a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">October 22, 1774<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">October 26, 1774<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><a href="http://peytonrandolph.com/" style="color: #6666cc;">Peyton Randolph</a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-indent: 0in;">
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">May 20, 1775<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">May 24, 1775<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"><td nowrap="" style="background-color: #d3dfee; border: none; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.65pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-indent: 0in;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><a href="http://johnhancock.org/" style="color: #6666cc;">John Hancock</a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</td><td nowrap="" style="background-color: #d3dfee; border: none; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-indent: 0in;">
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">May 25, 1775<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">July 1, 1776<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e06666; font-size: x-small;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
</div>
<div style="color: #333333; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">
<div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>Commander-in-Chief United Colonies & States of America</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e06666; font-size: x-small;"></span><br /></div>
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<b>George Washington: June 15, 1775 - December 23, 1783</b></div>
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<b><br /></b><b><br /></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Continental Congress of the United States Presidents </span></b></div>
<div style="margin: 0px;">
July 2, 1776 to February 28, 1781</div>
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<br /></div>
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<div style="color: #333333; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">
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<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableLightShadingAccent1" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; width: 533px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(79, 129, 189); border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top: 1pt solid rgb(79, 129, 189); height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 129.85pt;" valign="top" width="173"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><a href="http://johnhancock.org/" style="color: #6666cc;">John Hancock</a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(79, 129, 189); border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top: 1pt solid rgb(79, 129, 189); height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">July 2, 1776<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(79, 129, 189); border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top: 1pt solid rgb(79, 129, 189); height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">October 29, 1777<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="background-color: #d3dfee; border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 129.85pt;" valign="top" width="173"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><a href="http://henrylaurens.com/" style="color: #6666cc;">Henry Laurens</a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</td><td nowrap="" style="background-color: #d3dfee; border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">November 1, 1777<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">December 9, 1778<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 129.85pt;" valign="top" width="173"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><a href="http://johnjay.net/" style="color: #6666cc;">John Jay</a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">December 10, 1778<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">September 28, 1779<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="background-color: #d3dfee; border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 129.85pt;" valign="top" width="173"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><a href="http://samuelhuntington.org/" style="color: #6666cc;">Samuel Huntington</a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</td><td nowrap="" style="background-color: #d3dfee; border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">September 29, 1779<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">February 28, 1781<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: start;">
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Presidents of the United States in Congress Assembled</span></b></div>
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March 1, 1781 to March 3, 1789</div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><a href="http://samuelhuntington.org/" style="color: #6666cc;">Samuel Huntington</a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">March 1, 1781<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">July 6, 1781<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><a href="http://samueljohnston.org/" style="color: #6666cc;">Samuel Johnston</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">July 10, 1781<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">Declined Office<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><a href="http://thomasmckean.com/" style="color: #6666cc;">Thomas McKean</a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">July 10, 1781<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">November 4, 1781<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><a href="http://johnhanson.net/" style="color: #6666cc;">John Hanson</a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">November 5, 1781<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">November 3, 1782<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><a href="http://eliasboudinot.com/" style="color: #6666cc;">Elias Boudinot</a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">November 4, 1782<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">November 2, 1783<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><a href="http://thomasmifflin.com/" style="color: #6666cc;">Thomas Mifflin</a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">November 3, 1783<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">June 3, 1784<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><a href="http://richardhenrylee.org/" style="color: #6666cc;">Richard Henry Lee</a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">November 30, 1784<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">November 22, 1785<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><a href="http://johnhancock.org/" style="color: #6666cc;">John Hancock</a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">November 23, 1785<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">June 5, 1786<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><a href="http://nathanielgorham.com/" style="color: #6666cc;">Nathaniel Gorham</a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">June 6, 1786<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 21px;">February 1, 1787</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><a href="http://arthurstclair.com/" style="color: #6666cc;">Arthur St. Clair</a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">February 2, 1787<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 21px;">January 21, 1788</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><a href="http://cyrusgriffin.com/" style="color: #6666cc;">Cyrus Griffin</a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">January 22, 1788<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 21px;">January 21, 1789</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Presidents of the United States of America</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">D-Democratic Party, F-Federalist Party, I-Independent, R-Republican Party, R* Republican Party of Jefferson & W-Whig Party </span></span></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://georgewashington.us/"><span style="color: blue;">George Washington (I)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/jefferson-davis.html"><span style="color: blue;">Jefferson Davis (D)*</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://franklindroosevelt.org/"><span style="color: blue;">Franklin D. Roosevelt (D)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1789-1797)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1933-1945)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://andrewjohnson.org/"><span style="color: blue;">Andrew Johnson (R)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://www.johnadams.us/"><span style="color: blue;">John Adams (F)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1865-1869)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://harrytruman.org/"><span style="color: blue;">Harry S. Truman (D)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1797-1801)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1945-1953)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://ulyssessgrant.org/"><span style="color: blue;">Ulysses S. Grant (R)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://www.thomasjefferson.us/"><span style="color: blue;">Thomas Jefferson (R*)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1869-1877)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://dwighteisenhower.org/"><span style="color: blue;">Dwight D. Eisenhower (R)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1801-1809)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1953-1961)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/rutherford-hayes.html"><span style="color: blue;">Rutherford B. Hayes R</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://www.jamesmadison.us/"><span style="color: blue;">James Madison (R*)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"> (1877-1881)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://johnfkennedy.org/"><span style="color: blue;">John F. Kennedy (D)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1809-1817)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1961-1963)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/james-garfield.html"><span style="color: blue;">James A. Garfield (R)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://www.jamesmonroe.net/"><span style="color: blue;">James Monroe (R*)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"> (1881 - 1881)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/lyndon-johnson.html"><span style="color: blue;">Lyndon B. Johnson (D)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1817-1825)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1963-1969)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/chester-arthur.html"><span style="color: blue;">Chester Arthur (R)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://www.johnqadams.org/"><span style="color: blue;">John Quincy Adams (R*)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1881-1885)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://richardnixon.org/"><span style="color: blue;">Richard M. Nixon (R)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1825-1829)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1969-1974)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/grover-cleveland.html"><span style="color: blue;">Grover Cleveland (D)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://www.andrewjackson.org/"><span style="color: blue;">Andrew Jackson (D)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1885-1889)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://geraldrford.org/"><span style="color: blue;">Gerald R. Ford (R)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1829-1837)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1973-1974)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://benjaminharrison.org/"><span style="color: blue;">Benjamin Harrison (R)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/martin-van-buren.html"><span style="color: blue;">Martin Van Buren (D)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1889-1893)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/william-clinton.html"><span style="color: blue;">James E. Carter, Jr. (D)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1837-1841)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1977-1981)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/grover-cleveland.html"><span style="color: blue;">Grover Cleveland (D)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/william-henry-harrison.html"><span style="color: blue;">William H. Harrison (W)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1893-1897)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/ronald-reagan.html"><span style="color: blue;">Ronald W. Reagan (R)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1841-1841)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1981-1989)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://williammckinley.org/"><span style="color: blue;">William McKinley (R)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/john-tyler.html"><span style="color: blue;">John Tyler (W)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1897-1901)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/george-w-bush.html"><span style="color: blue;">George H. W. Bush (R)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1841-1845)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1989-1993)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://theodoreroosevelt.net/"><span style="color: blue;">Theodore Roosevelt (R)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://jameskpolk.org/"><span style="color: blue;">James K. Polk (D)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1901-1909)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/william-clinton.html"><span style="color: blue;">William J. Clinton (D)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1845-1849)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1993-2001)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://williamhtaft.org/"><span style="color: blue;">William H. Taft (R)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/zachary-taylor.html"><span style="color: blue;">Zachary Taylor (W)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1909-1913)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/george-w-bush.html"><span style="color: blue;">George W. Bush (R)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1849-1850)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(2001-2009)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/woodrow-wilson.html"><span style="color: blue;">Wilson Woodrow (D)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://millardfillmore.org/"><span style="color: blue;">Millard Fillmore (W)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1913-1921)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/barack-obama.html"><span style="color: blue;">Barack H. Obama (D)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1850-1853)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(2009-2017)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/warren-harding.html"><span style="color: blue;">Warren G. Harding ®</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/franklin-pierce.html"><span style="color: blue;">Franklin Pierce (D)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1921-1923)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://www.uspresidency.com/p/donald-j-trump.html"><span style="color: blue;">Donald J. Trump (R)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1853-1857)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(20017-Present)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://calvincoolidge.org/"><span style="color: blue;">Calvin Coolidge (R)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://jamesbuchanan.org/"><span style="color: blue;">James Buchanan (D)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1923-1929)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">*Confederate States of America<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1857-1861)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://herberthoover.org/"><span style="color: blue;">Herbert C. Hoover (R)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://abrahamlincoln.us/"><span style="color: blue;">Abraham Lincoln (R)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1929-1933)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1861-1865)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></b></div>
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<b style="text-align: start;"><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Chart Comparing Presidential Powers</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"> </span></b></b><b style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>- <a href="http://www.uspresidency.com/p/presidential-powers.html" target="_blank">Click Here</a></b></span></span></b></div>
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<b style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><b><span style="color: #7b0f19; font-size: 22pt; line-height: 33.7333px;"><br /></span></b></b></span></b></div>
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<b style="text-align: start;"><b><b><span style="font-size: 22pt; line-height: 33.7333px;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">United Colonies and States First Ladies</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></b></b></div>
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<b style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></b></span></b></div>
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<b style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b></b></span></b></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px;">
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<b style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><b><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 27.6px;">1774-1788<o:p></o:p></span></b></b></span></b></div>
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<div style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: medium;">
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<b style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b></b></span></b></div>
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<div style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px;">
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<b style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></b></span></b></div>
</div>
<div style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: medium;">
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<b style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b></b></span></b></div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: medium;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b></b></span></b><br /></div>
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<div align="center" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal;">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableLightShadingAccent5" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; width: 685px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(75, 172, 198); border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top: 1pt solid rgb(75, 172, 198); height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 237.9pt;" valign="top" width="317"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">United Colonies Continental Congress<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(75, 172, 198); border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top: 1pt solid rgb(75, 172, 198); height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 100pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">President<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(75, 172, 198); border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top: 1pt solid rgb(75, 172, 198); height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 122pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">18<sup>th</sup> Century Term<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Age<span style="color: #7b0f19;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 237.9pt;" valign="top" width="317"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.peytonrandolph.com/p/betty-randolph.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Elizabeth "Betty" Harrison Randolph</span></a></span></b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> (1745-1783)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 100pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://peytonrandolph.com/"><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none;">Peyton Randolph</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 122pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">09/05/74 – 10/22/74<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">29<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 237.9pt;" valign="top" width="317"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.henrymiddleton.com/p/mary-baker-middleton.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Mary Williams Middleton</span></a></span></b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> (1741- 1761) Deceased<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 100pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Henry Middleton<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 122pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">10/22–26/74<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">n/a<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</td></tr>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.peytonrandolph.com/p/betty-randolph.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Elizabeth "Betty" Harrison Randolph</span></a></span></b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> (1745–1783)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 100pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://peytonrandolph.com/"><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none;">Peyton Randolph</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 122pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">05/20/ 75 - 05/24/75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">30<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 237.9pt;" valign="top" width="317"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.johnhancock.org/p/dorothy-quincy-hancock-dorothy-quincy.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Dorothy Quincy Hancock Scott</span></a></span></b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> (1747-1830)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 100pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://johnhancock.org/"><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none;">John Hancock</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 122pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">05/25/75 – 07/01/76<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">28<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 237.9pt;" valign="top" width="317"></td><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 100pt;" valign="top" width="133"></td><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 122pt;" valign="top" width="163"></td><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.75in;" valign="top" width="72"></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 237.9pt;" valign="top" width="317"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">United States Continental Congress<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 100pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">President<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 122pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Term<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Age<span style="color: #7b0f19;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 237.9pt;" valign="top" width="317"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.johnhancock.org/p/dorothy-quincy-hancock-dorothy-quincy.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Dorothy Quincy Hancock Scott</span></a></span></b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> (1747-1830)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 100pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://johnhancock.org/"><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none;">John Hancock</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 122pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">07/02/76 – 10/29/77<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">29<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 237.9pt;" valign="top" width="317"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.henrylaurens.com/p/eleanor-laurens.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Eleanor Ball Laurens</span></a></span></b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> (1731- 1770) Deceased<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 100pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Henry Laurens<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 122pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">11/01/77 – 12/09/78<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">n/a<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.sarahlivingstonjay.org/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Sarah Livingston Jay</span></a></span></b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> (1756-1802)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 100pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://johnjay.net/"><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none;">John Jay</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 122pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">12/ 10/78 – 09/28/78<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">21<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.samuelhuntington.org/p/martha-huntington.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Martha Huntington</span></a></span></b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> (1738/39–1794)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 100pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://samuelhuntington.org/"><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none;">Samuel Huntington</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 122pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">09/29/79 – 02/28/81<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">41<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 237.9pt;" valign="top" width="317"></td><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 100pt;" valign="top" width="133"></td><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 122pt;" valign="top" width="163"></td><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.75in;" valign="top" width="72"></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 237.9pt;" valign="top" width="317"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">United States in Congress Assembled<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">President<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Term<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Age<span style="color: #7b0f19;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 237.9pt;" valign="top" width="317"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.samuelhuntington.org/p/martha-huntington.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Martha Huntington</span></a></span></b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> (1738/39–1794)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 100pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://samuelhuntington.org/"><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none;">Samuel Huntington</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 122pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">03/01/81 – 07/06/81<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</td><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">42<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.thomasmckean.com/p/blog-page.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Sarah Armitage McKean </span></a></span></b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> (1756-1820)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 100pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://thomasmckean.com/"><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none;">Thomas McKean</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 122pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">07/10/81 – 11/04/81<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">25<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 237.9pt;" valign="top" width="317"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.johnhanson.net/p/jane-hanson.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Jane Contee Hanson</span></a></span></b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> (1726-1812)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 100pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://johnhanson.net/"><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none;">John Hanson</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 122pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">11/05/81 - 11/03/82<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">55<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 237.9pt;" valign="top" width="317"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.eliasboudinot.com/p/hannah-stockton-boudinot-was-born-21.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Hannah Stockton Boudinot</span></a></span></b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> (1736-1808)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 100pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://eliasboudinot.com/"><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none;">Elias Boudinot</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 122pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">11/03/82 - 11/02/83<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">46<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 237.9pt;" valign="top" width="317"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.thomasmifflin.com/p/sarah-morris-mifflin.html"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Sarah Morris Mifflin</span></a></span></b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> (1747-1790)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 100pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://thomasmifflin.com/"><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none;">Thomas Mifflin</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 122pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">11/03/83 - 11/02/84<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">36<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 237.9pt;" valign="top" width="317"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.richardhenrylee.org/p/anne-lee.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Anne Gaskins Pinkard Lee</span></a></span></b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> (1738-1796)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 100pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://richardhenrylee.org/"><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none;">Richard Henry Lee</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 122pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">11/20/84 - 11/19/85<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">46<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 237.9pt;" valign="top" width="317"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.johnhancock.org/p/dorothy-quincy-hancock-dorothy-quincy.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Dorothy Quincy Hancock Scott</span></a></span></b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> (1747-1830)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 100pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://johnhancock.org/"><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none;">John Hancock</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 122pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">11/23/85 – 06/06/86<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">38<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 237.9pt;" valign="top" width="317"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.nathanielgorham.com/p/rebecca-call-was-born-to-caleb-vall.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Rebecca Call Gorham</span></a></span></b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> (1744-1812)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 100pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://nathanielgorham.com/"><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none;">Nathaniel Gorham</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 122pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">06/06/86 - 02/01/87<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">42<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 237.9pt;" valign="top" width="317"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.arthurstclair.com/p/phoebe-bayard-st-clair.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Phoebe Bayard St. Clair</span></a></span></b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> (1743-1818)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 100pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://arthurstclair.com/"><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none;">Arthur St. Clair</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 122pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">02/02/87 - 01/21/88<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">43<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(75, 172, 198); border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 237.9pt;" valign="top" width="317"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.cyrusgriffin.com/p/ladychristina-stuart-daughter-of-6th.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Christina Stuart Griffin</span></a></span></b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> (1751-1807)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(75, 172, 198); border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 100pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://cyrusgriffin.com/"><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none;">Cyrus Griffin</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">01/22/88 - 01/29/89<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">36<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: medium;">
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<b style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b></b></span></b></div>
</div>
<div align="center" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></b></div>
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<div style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: medium;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b></b></span></b></div>
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<div align="center" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal;">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableLightShadingAccent5" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; width: 721px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 19.5pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(75, 172, 198); border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top: 1pt solid rgb(75, 172, 198); height: 19.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 194.45pt;" valign="top" width="259"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Constitution of 1787</span></i></b><b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br />First Ladies<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">President<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Term<span style="color: #7b0f19;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #7b0f19; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Age<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.marthawashington.org/" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Martha Washington</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://georgewashington.us/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">George Washington </span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">April 30, 1789 – March 4, 1797<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">57<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.abigailadams.us/" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Abigail Adams</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
</div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.johnadams.us/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">John Adams</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 172.95pt;" valign="top" width="231"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">March 4, 1797 – March 4, 1801<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">52<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Martha Wayles Jefferson Deceased<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://thomasjefferson.us/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Thomas Jefferson</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">September 6, 1782 (Aged 33)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">n/a<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.dolleymadison.org/" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Dolley Madison</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 124pt;" valign="top" width="165"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://jamesmadison.us/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">James Madison </span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 172.95pt;" valign="top" width="231"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">March 4, 1809 – March 4, 1817<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">40<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.elizabethmonroe.org/" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Elizabeth Monroe</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 124pt;" valign="top" width="165"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://jamesmonroe.net/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">James Monroe</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
</div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">March 4, 1817 – March 4, 1825<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">48<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.johnqadams.org/p/louisa-catherine-johnson-adams-born.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Louisa Adams</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 124pt;" valign="top" width="165"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.johnqadams.org/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">John Quincy Adams</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 172.95pt;" valign="top" width="231"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">March 4, 1825 – March 4, 1829<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.andrewjackson.org/p/jackson-rachel-born-in-1767-died-at.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;"> Rachel Jackson Deceased</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://andrewjackson.org/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Andrew Jackson</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
</div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">December 22, 1828 (aged 61)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">n/a<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.uspresidency.com/p/martin-van-buren.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Hannah Van Buren Deceased</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.uspresidency.com/p/martin-van-buren.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Martin Van Buren</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
</div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">February 5, 1819 (aged 35)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">n/a<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.uspresidency.com/p/william-henry-harrison.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Anna Harrison</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/william-henry-harrison.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">William H. Harrison</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
</div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">March 4, 1841 – April 4, 1841<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">65<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.uspresidency.com/p/john-tyler.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Letitia Tyler</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/john-tyler.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">John Tyler</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">April 4, 1841 – September 10, 1842<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.uspresidency.com/p/john-tyler.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Julia Tyler</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
</div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/john-tyler.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">John Tyler</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">June 26, 1844 – March 4, 1845<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">23<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.jameskpolk.org/p/sarah-polk.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Sarah Polk</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
</div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://jameskpolk.org/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">James K. Polk</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1849<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">41<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.uspresidency.com/p/zachary-taylor.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Margaret Taylor</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.uspresidency.com/p/zachary-taylor.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Zachary Taylor</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">March 4, 1849 – July 9, 1850<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">60<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.millardfillmore.org/p/abigail-powers-fillmore-march-13-1798.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Abigail Fillmore</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://millardfillmore.org/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Millard Fillmore</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
</div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">July 9, 1850 – March 4, 1853<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">52<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.uspresidency.com/p/franklin-pierce.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Jane Means Pierce</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/franklin-pierce.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Franklin Pierce</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
</div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">46<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.jamesbuchanan.org/" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Lifelong Bachelor</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 124pt;" valign="top" width="165"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://jamesbuchanan.org/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">James Buchanan</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">n/a<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">n/a<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.abrahamlincoln.us/p/mary-todd-was-carefully-educated-in.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Mary Todd Lincoln</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
</div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://abrahamlincoln.us/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Abraham Lincoln </span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">42<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.uspresidency.com/p/jefferson-davis.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Varina Davis</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">*<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
</div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/jefferson-davis.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Jefferson Davis*</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">February 22, 1862 – May 10, 1865<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.andrewjohnson.org/p/his-wife-eliza-mccardle-johnson-born-in.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Eliza McCardle Johnson</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
</div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://andrewjohnson.org/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Andrew Johnson</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
</div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">54<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.ulyssessgrant.org/p/julia-grant-julia-dent-grant-born-in-st.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Julia Boggs Dent Grant</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
</div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://ulyssessgrant.org/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Ulysses S. Grant </span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
</div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">43<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.uspresidency.com/p/rutherford-hayes.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Lucy Ware Webb Hayes</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/rutherford-hayes.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Rutherford B. Hayes</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">March 4, 1877 – March 4, 1881<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">45<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.uspresidency.com/p/james-garfield.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Lucretia Rudolph Garfield</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/james-garfield.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">James A. Garfield</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">March 4, 1881 – September 19, 1881<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">48<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.uspresidency.com/p/chester-arthur.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Ellen Lewis Herndon Arthur</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/chester-arthur.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Chester Arthur </span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">January 12, 1880 (Aged 43)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">n/a<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.uspresidency.com/p/grover-cleveland.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Frances Folsom Cleveland</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/grover-cleveland.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Grover Cleveland</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">June 2, 1886 – March 4, 1889<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">21<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.benjaminharrison.org/p/caroline-lavinia-scott-harrison-was.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Caroline Scott Harrison</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.benjaminharrison.org/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Benjamin Harrison</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">March 4, 1889 – October 25, 1892<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">56<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.uspresidency.com/p/grover-cleveland.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Frances Folsom Cleveland</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/grover-cleveland.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Grover Cleveland </span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">June 2, 1886 – March 4, 1889<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">28<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.williammckinley.org/p/ida-saxton-mckinley-june-8-1847-may-26.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Ida Saxton McKinley</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://williammckinley.org/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">William McKinley</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">March 4, 1897 – September 14, 1901<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">49<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.theodoreroosevelt.net/p/edith-kermit-carow-roosevelt.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Edith Kermit Carow Roosevelt</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://theodoreroosevelt.net/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Theodore Roosevelt</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1909<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">40<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.williamhtaft.org/p/helen-herron-taft.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Helen Louise Herron Taft</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://williamhtaft.org/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">William H. Taft </span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">47<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.thomaswoodrowwilson.org/p/ellen-axson-wilson.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Ellen Axson Wilson</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.thomaswoodrowwilson.org/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Woodrow Wilson</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">March 4, 1913 – August 6, 1914<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">52<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.thomaswoodrowwilson.org/p/edith-wilson.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Edith Bolling Galt Wilson</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.thomaswoodrowwilson.org/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Woodrow Wilson</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">December 18, 1915 – March 4, 1921<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">43<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.uspresidency.com/p/warren-harding.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Florence Mabel King Harding</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/warren-harding.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Warren G. Harding </span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">60<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.calvincoolidge.org/p/grace-anna-goodhue-coolidge.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Grace Anna Goodhue Coolidge</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.calvincoolidge.org/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Calvin Coolidge</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1929<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">44<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.herberthoover.org/p/lou-henry-hoover.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Lou Henry Hoover</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://herberthoover.org/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Herbert C. Hoover</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">54<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.eleanorroosevelt.org/" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Eleanor Roosevelt</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.franklindroosevelt.org/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Franklin D. Roosevelt</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">March 4, 1933 – April 12, 1945<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">48<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.harrytruman.org/p/blog-page.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Elizabeth Virginia "Bess" Truman</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://harrytruman.org/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Harry S. Truman</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1953<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">60<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.dwighteisenhower.org/p/marie-doud-geneva-eisenhower-1896-1979.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Mamie Geneva Doud Eisenhower</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://dwighteisenhower.org/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Dwight D. Eisenhower</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">56<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.johnfkennedy.org/p/jacqueline-bouvier-kennedy.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://johnfkennedy.org/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">John F. Kennedy</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">31<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.uspresidency.com/p/lyndon-johnson.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Claudia Alta Taylor "Lady Bird" Johnson</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/lyndon-johnson.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Lyndon B. Johnson </span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1969<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.richardnixon.org/p/patricia-ryan-nixon-born-thelma.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Thelma Catherine "Pat" Ryan Nixon</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://richardnixon.org/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Richard M. Nixon </span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">January 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">56<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.geraldrford.org/p/betty.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Elizabeth Ann "Betty" Ford</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://geraldrford.org/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Gerald R. Ford </span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">August 9, 1974 – January 20, 1977<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">56<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.jamesecarter.net/p/eleanor-rosalynn-smith-carter.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Eleanor Rosalynn Carter</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://jamesecarter.net/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">James Earl Carter, Jr. </span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">49<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 194.45pt;" valign="top" width="259"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.uspresidency.com/p/ronald-reagan.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Nancy Davis Reagan</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 124pt;" valign="top" width="165"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/ronald-reagan.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Ronald Wilson Reagan </span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 172.95pt;" valign="top" width="231"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">59<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 194.45pt;" valign="top" width="259"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.uspresidency.com/p/george-h-w-bush.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Barbara Pierce Bush</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 124pt;" valign="top" width="165"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/george-h-w-bush.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">George H. W. Bush</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 172.95pt;" valign="top" width="231"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">63<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 194.45pt;" valign="top" width="259"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.uspresidency.com/p/william-clinton.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 124pt;" valign="top" width="165"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/william-clinton.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">William Jefferson Clinton</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 172.95pt;" valign="top" width="231"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">45<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 194.45pt;" valign="top" width="259"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.uspresidency.com/p/george-w-bush.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Laura Lane Welch Bush</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 124pt;" valign="top" width="165"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.uspresidency.com/p/george-w-bush.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">George W. Bush </span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 172.95pt;" valign="top" width="231"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">54<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(75, 172, 198); border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 194.45pt;" valign="top" width="259"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.uspresidency.com/p/barack-obama.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Michelle LaVaughn Robinson Obama</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(75, 172, 198); border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 124pt;" valign="top" width="165"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/barack-obama.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Barack H. Obama</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(75, 172, 198); border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 172.95pt;" valign="top" width="231"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">January 20, 2009 to date<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(75, 172, 198); border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">45<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: medium;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b></b></span></b></div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: medium;">
</div>
</div>
<div style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: medium;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span></b></div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 24px;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 24px; text-indent: 0.2in;">
<div style="text-indent: 0px;">
<div style="line-height: 24px;">
<div>
<div style="line-height: 24px;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Capitals of the United Colonies and States of America</span></b></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: 24px;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div align="center" style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: 24px;">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; width: 531px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(79, 129, 189); border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top: 1pt solid rgb(79, 129, 189); height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 104pt;" valign="top" width="139"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Philadelphia</span></strong></div>
</div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(79, 129, 189); border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top: 1pt solid rgb(79, 129, 189); height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 151pt;" valign="top" width="201"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Sept. 5, 1774 to Oct. 24, 1774</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(79, 129, 189); border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top: 1pt solid rgb(79, 129, 189); height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 143.5pt;" valign="top" width="191"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/blog-page_36.html" target="_blank">City Tavern</a> & <a href="http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/blog-page_97.html" target="_blank">Carpenter’s Hall</a></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="nowrap" style="background: rgb(211, 223, 238); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 104pt;" valign="top" width="139"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Philadelphia</span></strong></div>
</div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="nowrap" style="background: rgb(211, 223, 238); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 151pt;" valign="top" width="201"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">May 10, 1775 to Dec. 12, 1776</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="nowrap" style="background: rgb(211, 223, 238); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 143.5pt;" valign="top" width="191"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/blog-page_26.html" target="_blank">Pennsylvania State House</a></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 104pt;" valign="top" width="139"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Baltimore</span></strong></div>
</div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 151pt;" valign="top" width="201"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Dec. 20, 1776 to Feb. 27, 1777</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 143.5pt;" valign="top" width="191"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/blog-page_38.html" target="_blank">Henry Fite’s House</a></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="nowrap" style="background: rgb(211, 223, 238); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 104pt;" valign="top" width="139"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Philadelphia</span></strong></div>
</div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="nowrap" style="background: rgb(211, 223, 238); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 151pt;" valign="top" width="201"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">March 4, 1777 to Sept. 18, 1777</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="nowrap" style="background: rgb(211, 223, 238); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 143.5pt;" valign="top" width="191"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/blog-page_26.html" target="_blank">Pennsylvania State House</a></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 104pt;" valign="top" width="139"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Lancaster</span></strong></div>
</div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 151pt;" valign="top" width="201"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">September 27, 1777</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 143.5pt;" valign="top" width="191"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/blog-page_16.html" target="_blank">Lancaster Court House</a></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="nowrap" style="background: rgb(211, 223, 238); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 104pt;" valign="top" width="139"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">York</span></strong></div>
</div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="nowrap" style="background: rgb(211, 223, 238); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 151pt;" valign="top" width="201"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Sept. 30, 1777 to June 27, 1778</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="nowrap" style="background: rgb(211, 223, 238); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 143.5pt;" valign="top" width="191"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/blog-page_44.html" target="_blank">York-town Court House</a></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 104pt;" valign="top" width="139"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Philadelphia</span></strong></div>
</div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 151pt;" valign="top" width="201"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">July 2, 1778 to June 21, 1783</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</td><td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 143.5pt;" valign="top" width="191"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/college-hall.html" target="_blank">College Hall</a> - <a href="http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/blog-page_26.html" target="_blank">PA State House</a></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="nowrap" style="background: rgb(211, 223, 238); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 104pt;" valign="top" width="139"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
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<strong><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Princeton</span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">June 30, 1783 to Nov. 4, 1783</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/prospect-house.html" target="_blank">Prospect House</a> - <a href="http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/nassau-hall-princeton-n.html" target="_blank">Nassau Hall</a></span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Annapolis</span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Nov. 26, 1783 to Aug. 19, 1784</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/blog-page_8.html" target="_blank">Maryland, State House</a></span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Trenton</span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Nov. 1, 1784 to Dec. 24, 1784</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/blog-page.html" target="_blank">French Arms Tavern</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Jan. 11, 1785 to Nov. 13, 1788</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/new-york-city-hall.html" target="_blank">New York City Hall</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">October 6, 1788 to March 3,1789</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/walter-livingston-house.html" style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.3333px;" target="_blank">Walter Livingston House</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/federal.html" target="_blank">Federal Hall</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Dec. 6,1790 to May 14, 1800</span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/congress-hall.html" target="_blank">Congress Hall</a></span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Washington DC</span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">November 17,1800 to Present</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/us-capitol-building.html" target="_blank">Two US Capitol Buildings</a></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOXhCIv6w0PGMy665JLeoe5Z6mImTwmSQzHnGDc9goZPyrOgVO28TEjz3L9DyKWTazBJ-N7tV7yXvYKiCgx9LgWusD_LPQiszmeQ-v1S_QqwwaDmi0ezrHxDxNtskSNNpSIkmR-otwpPc/s1600/Historic-us+Card.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOXhCIv6w0PGMy665JLeoe5Z6mImTwmSQzHnGDc9goZPyrOgVO28TEjz3L9DyKWTazBJ-N7tV7yXvYKiCgx9LgWusD_LPQiszmeQ-v1S_QqwwaDmi0ezrHxDxNtskSNNpSIkmR-otwpPc/s1600/Historic-us+Card.png" style="cursor: move;" title="Historic.us A Non-profit Corporation Primary Source Exhibits 2000 Louisiana Avenue | Venue 15696 New Orleans, Louisiana, 70115 727-771-1776 | Exhibit Inquiries 202-239-1774 | Office Dr. Naomi and Stanley Yavneh Klos, Principals" width="372" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Book a primary source exhibit and a professional speaker for your next event by contacting Historic.us today. Our Clients include many Fortune 500 companies, associations, non-profits, colleges, universities, national conventions, PR and advertising agencies. As a leading national exhibitor of primary sources, many of our clients have benefited from our historic displays that are designed to entertain and educate your target audience. <a href="mailto:Stan@Historic.us">Contact us</a> to learn how you can join our "roster" of satisfied clientele today!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><iframe allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/hhdwJspiz9U?wmode=opaque" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; max-width: 100%;" width="560"></iframe><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue light" , , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 14px;" /><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: medium;">Hosted by The New Orleans Jazz Museum and The Louisiana Historical Center</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 36pt; line-height: 20.79px;"><b>Historic.us</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /> </span>A Non-profit Corporation</div>
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<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 22pt;">Primary Source Exhibits</span></b></div>
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<b style="font-size: x-large;">727-771-1776 | Exhibit Inquiries</b></div>
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<b style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></b><b style="font-size: x-large;">202-239-1774 | Office</b></div>
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<b style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></b><b style="font-size: x-large;">202-239-0037 </b><b style="font-size: x-large; text-indent: 0in;">| </b><b style="font-size: x-large; text-indent: 0in;">FAX </b></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;"><b><br /></b></span><b><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Dr. Naomi and Stanley Yavneh Klos, </i></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Principals</i></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Naomi@Historic.us</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Stan@Historic.us</b></span></div>
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<b style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-size: large; line-height: normal;"><i><span style="color: #333333;">P</span>rimary Source exhibits are available for display in your community. The costs range from $1,000 to $35,000 depending on length of time on loan and the rarity of artifacts chosen. </i></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Website: <a href="http://www.historic.us/" style="color: #4d469c; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">www.Historic.us</a></b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim82SbS4RIaVB4nwRbE95YuwF0fGkKhaMbuH5eo-bQ_LkxvWj-ypkIbjY0CqduPr2M9D7BJhwpL-cy1U1beaHb9rQtm0J6i9-EniL19O2cu3CUcM9RWHvQ75s1gkMZ0qDH_KTmacLbV79i/s1600/Merryday+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #3244ff; font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: normal; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="243" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim82SbS4RIaVB4nwRbE95YuwF0fGkKhaMbuH5eo-bQ_LkxvWj-ypkIbjY0CqduPr2M9D7BJhwpL-cy1U1beaHb9rQtm0J6i9-EniL19O2cu3CUcM9RWHvQ75s1gkMZ0qDH_KTmacLbV79i/s640/Merryday+2.jpg" style="border: none; cursor: move; position: relative;" title="“The plaintiff’s wish to correct what he regards as a widespread misconception about those who served the nation under the Articles of Confederation is laudable.” – Steven D. Merryday, Chief United States District Judge --- Stanley Klos, Plaintiff, Appellant v. Henry M. Paulson, Jr., Secretary of the Treasury, Defendant, Appellee." width="640" /></a></div>
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<b style="font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #990000;">U.S. Dollar Presidential Coin Mr. Klos vs Secretary Paulson</span> - </span><a href="http://www.coinact.us/p/in-united-states-court-of-appeals-filed_2452.html" style="color: #2e2e8a; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: medium;" target="_blank">Click Here</a></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: 700;"><span style="font-size: 18pt;">The United Colonies of North America Continental Congress Presidents (1774-1776)</span><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 36px;"><br />The United States of America Continental Congress Presidents (1776-1781)<br />The United States of America in Congress Assembled Presidents (1781-1789)<br />The United States of America Presidents and Commanders-in-Chiefs (1789-Present)</span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 16pt;"><a href="https://www.uspresidency.com/p/complete-list-of-uc-and-us-presidents.html" style="color: blue; text-decoration-line: none;">Click Here for the complete list and links to their biographies</a></span></b></div>
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